Poly Bags

Poly bag buying guide

Start with the format your packing line needs.

Flat, gusseted, reclosable and tubing formats solve different packing jobs. Choose the format first, then specify size, mil, closure and the number of bags you need.

Illustration of bag formats and blank label rolls
Original illustration. Generic examples; dimensions and performance are not depicted.
Clear flat poly bags · price per case

Poly bags by the case

Common sizes of clear flat poly bags with today's price per case and per bag. Each size opens its product page. Volume pricing applies automatically at 3 and 6 cases, and orders over $500 after discounts ship free when the checkout freight rate is $120 or less.

2 mil clear flat poly bags

2 mil clear flat poly bags by size
Size (in)MilBags per casePrice per casePrice per bag
2 x 32 1,000 $4.04 0.4¢
3 x 42 1,000 $7.44 0.7¢
4 x 62 1,000 $13.83 1.4¢
5 x 72 1,000 $19.93 2.0¢
6 x 82 1,000 $26.45 2.6¢
6 x 92 1,000 $29.69 3.0¢
8 x 102 1,000 $41.44 4.1¢
9 x 122 1,000 $66.05 6.6¢
10 x 122 1,000 $62.88 6.3¢
10 x 132 1,000 $86.55 8.7¢
11 x 142 1,000 $106.74 10.7¢
12 x 122 1,000 $98.70 9.9¢
12 x 152 1,000 $102.08 10.2¢
12 x 182 1,000 $118.53 11.9¢
14 x 202 100 $16.25 16.3¢
16 x 202 500 $96.75 19.4¢
18 x 242 100 $17.80 17.8¢
24 x 362 250 $104.09 41.6¢

4 mil heavy-duty flat poly bags

4 mil heavy-duty flat poly bags by size
Size (in)MilBags per casePrice per casePrice per bag
4 x 64 1,000 $26.53 2.7¢
5 x 74 1,000 $38.88 3.9¢
6 x 84 1,000 $51.14 5.1¢
6 x 94 1,000 $57.38 5.7¢
8 x 104 1,000 $96.07 9.6¢
9 x 124 1,000 $130.60 13.1¢
10 x 124 1,000 $139.61 14.0¢
12 x 124 1,000 $183.26 18.3¢
12 x 154 1,000 $225.89 22.6¢
12 x 184 500 $118.59 23.7¢
14 x 204 500 $160.55 32.1¢
16 x 204 500 $160.04 32.0¢
18 x 244 250 $114.49 45.8¢
20 x 304 250 $155.52 62.2¢
24 x 244 250 $144.96 58.0¢
24 x 364 200 $178.92 89.5¢

Buying by the pallet or on a schedule? Send your sizes, quantities and ZIP for a delivered quote.

Find your next step

Choose a bag format

Choose a format to see the sizing guide and the right quote route.

Flat bags

Open top; specify how you will close the bag. Measure required width and total length, including closure space.

Use the bag size chart →

Reclosable bags

Pinch-track zipper and slide-seal formats. Compare size and mil, then plan whole cases by bags needed.

Use the case planner →

Gusseted bags

An expanding side or bottom changes the shape. Keep the listed width, gusset and length separate in your specification.

Compare gusseted bags →

Poly tubing

Choose one width and cut the length you need. The roll planner includes cut length, quantity and your waste allowance.

Plan rolls of tubing →

Shipping mailers

Self-seal shipping envelopes have different closures and usable space from open-top poly bags. Compare the exact mailer format.

Compare poly mailers →

Anti-static bags

Specify the required electrical protection. Color or thickness cannot confirm shielding or compliance.

Review anti-static options →

A specification buyers can actually use

  1. Measure the packed shape

    Record width, length and depth after any padding. Confirm the exact usable opening and closure space; do not rely on a nominal size alone.

  2. Choose film and closure

    Give the mil thickness, bag format and sealing method. Add any documented material or ESD requirement instead of assuming it from a product name.

  3. Compare whole cases

    State bags needed and check bags per case. Compare price per bag plus actual shipping for your quantity, delivery ZIP and date.

Mil is a thickness measurement, not a certified strength rating.
Film Inches Millimeters Buying check
1 mil 0.001 0.0254 Verify exact material and handling requirements
2 mil 0.002 0.0508 Check fit, closure and case count
3 mil 0.003 0.0762 Check the same requirements before increasing thickness
4 mil 0.004 0.1016 Do not infer load or puncture capacity from mil alone

Questions before you order

Should I use a flat bag or a reclosable bag?

Choose based on your closure workflow. Flat open-top bags need an appropriate tie, tape or sealing process. Reclosable bags provide a zipper or slider that can be opened again. Verify the exact product format.

How do I calculate the number of cases?

Divide bags needed by bags per case and round up. For 2,500 bags at 1,000 per case, buy 3 cases for 3,000 bags. Case counts vary by SKU.

What information makes a bulk quote useful?

Send SKU or required size, bag format, mil, closure, bags or cases needed, delivery ZIP and required date. Add documentation requirements and recurring usage if relevant.

Need clear, flat poly bags for an open-top packing process? Compare exact size, 2 mil or 4 mil film and bags per case. Flat bags are a different format from the zipper and slide-seal options linked from this page.

Two verified open-top examples; these are not reclosable bags.
SKU Listed size Film Bags per case Closure workflow
PB543 12 × 48 in 2 mil; clear polyethylene 1,000 Open top; use the appropriate separate closing method
PB1047 3 × 12 in 4 mil; clear polyethylene 1,000 Open top; verify tie, tape or sealing process

These examples have different dimensions, so the table does not establish a 2 mil versus 4 mil performance comparison. Thickness is one specification, not a certified load or puncture rating. Measure the packed shape and confirm usable opening and closing allowance.

A bulk order for 2,500 bags of either confirmed 1,000-count format requires three cases: 3,000 bags with 500 remaining. Keep the SKU and format separate for each line on a mixed quote. If you need an expanding shape, use the gusseted-bag table; for repeated opening, use the reclosable-bag planner.

Continue your buying plan

IN STOCK 10x36" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

10x36 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB524

10 x 36 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$235.05 / CASE
IN STOCK 10 x 30" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 500 Case
Bags - Poly

10x30 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 500/Case

PN: PB523

10 x 30 in 2 Mil 500 PER CASE
$102.84 / CASE
IN STOCK 10 x 28 Inch 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

10x28 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB519

10 x 28 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$152.87 / CASE
IN STOCK 10 x 24" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000 Count Case
Bags - Poly

10x24 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB522

10 x 24 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$154.00 / CASE
IN STOCK 10 x 22" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case Industrial Pack
Bags - Poly

10x22 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB518

10 x 22 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$110.59 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x20" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

10x20 2 Mil Clear Flat FDA Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB521

10 x 20 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$130.99 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products while keeping costs low. These 10 x 18" 2 mil clear polyethylene flat bags are the go-to solution for industrial packaging of light to medium weight items, food storage, and general purpose protection. Buy by the case (1000 bags) and save.
Bags - Poly

10x18 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB520

10 x 18 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$119.03 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x17 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000 Count Case
Bags - Poly

10x17 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB516

10 x 17 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$89.99 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x16" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Bulk Case of 1000
Bags - Poly

10x16 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB515

10 x 16 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$106.35 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x15 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Bulk Protection, 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

10x15 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB511

10 x 15 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$100.52 / CASE
IN STOCK 10 x 14" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000 Count Case
Bags - Poly

10x14 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB510

10 x 14 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$94.63 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x13 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case Moisture Protection
Bags - Poly

10x13 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB493

10 x 13 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$86.55 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x12" 2 Mil Clear Poly Bags, Case of 1000
Bags - Poly

10x12 2 Mil Clear Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB505

10 x 12 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$72.06 / CASE
IN STOCK 10x10" 2 Mil Clear Poly Bags - 1000/Case Protection
Bags - Poly

10x10 2 Mil Clear Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB500

10 x 10 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$69.32 / CASE
IN STOCK 9 x 28" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

9x28 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB498

9 x 28 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$141.71 / CASE
IN STOCK Packrift's 9 x 22" 2 Mil clear flat poly bags deliver reliable protection for light to medium-weight products while keeping shipping costs down. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene and FDA/USDA compliant, each case of 1,000 bags is ready to seal with twist ties, bag tape, or impulse sealers. The industry standard for cost-effective moisture and dust protection.
Bags - Poly

9x22 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB499

9 x 22 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$109.19 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with durable 9x20" clear flat poly bags–the go-to choice for light to medium weight items across food, retail, and industrial applications. Manufactured from 100% virgin polyethylene with FDA and USDA compliance, these 2 mil bags provide reliable moisture and dust protection in bulk quantities of 1,000 per case.
Bags - Poly

9x20 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB496

9 x 20 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$120.35 / CASE
IN STOCK 9x18 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

9x18 2 Mil Clear Flat FDA Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB495

9 x 18 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$112.68 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect light to medium-weight products with these industry-standard 9x17" clear flat poly bags. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene, 2 mil thickness, and FDA/USDA compliant. Order by the case (1000 bags) for maximum cost efficiency.
Bags - Poly

9x17 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB491

9 x 17 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$86.74 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your light to medium-weight products with these durable 9 x 16" clear 2 mil polyethylene bags. Made from 100% virgin LDPE film and FDA/USDA compliant, they're ideal for food storage, retail packaging, and shipping. Each case contains 1,000 bags–cost-effective bulk protection.
Bags - Poly

9x16 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB490

9 x 16 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$97.68 / CASE
IN STOCK 9x15 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Light/Medium Duty, 1000/Case
Bags - Poly

9x15 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB482

9 x 15 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$91.06 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with our bestselling 9x14" 2 mil clear flat poly bags–FDA and USDA approved for food and industrial use. 100% virgin polyethylene construction delivers reliable moisture and dust protection for light-to-medium weight items. Case of 1,000 bags ships fast with easy closure options.
Bags - Poly

9x14 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB485

9 x 14 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$77.81 / CASE
IN STOCK 9x13" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case | Protection
Bags - Poly

9x13 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB489

9 x 13 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$58.54 / CASE
IN STOCK Industrial-grade 9x12" clear flat poly bags made from 100% virgin polyethylene film. 2 mil thickness provides reliable protection for light to medium-weight products, food items, and general storage. Case of 1,000 bags–the most economical solution for high-volume shipping and packaging needs.
Bags - Poly

9x12 2 Mil Clear Flat Food Grade Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB480

9 x 12 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$66.05 / CASE
IN STOCK The industry-standard 9 x 11" flat poly bags deliver reliable protection for light to medium-weight products. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene with FDA and USDA compliance. One case includes 1,000 bags–the perfect inventory size for most packaging operations.
Bags - Poly

9x11 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB488

9 x 11 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$55.29 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with these durable 9x10" clear flat poly bags manufactured from 100% virgin polyethylene. Each case contains 1,000 bags with 2 mil thickness–the ideal balance of protection and cost-efficiency for light to medium-weight items. FDA and USDA compliant for food-safe packaging.
Bags - Poly

9x10 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB479

9 x 10 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$65.64 / CASE
IN STOCK 9x9" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Protect Light/Medium Products, Case of 1000
Bags - Poly

9x9 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB481

9 x 9 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$48.79 / CASE
IN STOCK Versatile 8x48" 2 mil clear flat poly bags protect light to medium-weight products from dirt, dust, and moisture. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene with FDA/USDA compliance. Buy 1000 bags per case and reduce per-unit costs for high-volume packaging needs.
Bags - Poly

8x48 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB10102

8 x 48 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$204.91 / CASE
IN STOCK 8x40" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000/Case Food & Product Protection
Bags - Poly

8x40 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB473

8 x 40 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$214.84 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect light to medium-weight products with these 8 x 36" 2 mil clear flat poly bags. FDA and USDA compliant, manufactured from 100% virgin polyethylene. Case of 1000 bags provides reliable, cost-effective protection against dirt, dust, and moisture.
Bags - Poly

8x36 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB471

8 x 36 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$187.60 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with these industry-standard 8x30" 2 mil clear flat poly bags. FDA and USDA compliant polyethylene construction shields against dirt, dust, and moisture while maintaining visibility. Get 1,000 bags per case–the cost-effective solution for packaging, storage, and shipping.
Bags - Poly

8x30 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB478

8 x 30 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$136.60 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with our 8 x 28" clear flat poly bags–the industry-standard solution for light to medium-weight items. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene with FDA and USDA compliance, these 2 mil plastic bags resist punctures and contamination. Sold in bulk cases of 1,000 for maximum cost efficiency.
Bags - Poly

8x28 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB469

8 x 28 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$125.76 / CASE
IN STOCK 8x24" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Moisture Protection, Case of 1000
Bags - Poly

8x24 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB477

8 x 24 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$137.75 / CASE
IN STOCK 8 x 20" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000 Pack
Bags - Poly

8x20 2 Mil Clear Flat Food Grade Poly Bags 1000-Pack

PN: PB476

8 x 20 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$119.17 / CASE
IN STOCK 8x18 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Light/Medium Protection - Case of 1000
Bags - Poly

8x18 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB468

8 x 18 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$96.07 / CASE
IN STOCK Trusted 2 mil clear poly bags in 8x16" size protect general merchandise, food items, and small products from moisture, dust, and contamination. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene and FDA/USDA compliant. Sold by the case (1000 bags) for maximum cost efficiency.
Bags - Poly

8x16 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB475

8 x 16 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$92.14 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with these durable 8x15" 2 mil clear flat poly bags–the industry standard for light to medium-weight items. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene, FDA/USDA approved, and sold in convenient cases of 1,000 for maximum cost efficiency. Ideal for food storage, merchandise, and general packaging with reliable moisture and dust protection.
Bags - Poly

8x15 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB474

8 x 15 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$72.55 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect light to medium-weight products with these reliable 8x14" clear flat poly bags. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene, FDA/USDA compliant, and sold by the case of 1000. Ideal for food storage, retail packaging, and general-purpose protection against dirt, dust, and moisture.
Bags - Poly

8x14 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB472

8 x 14 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$74.06 / CASE
IN STOCK 8 x 13" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000 Case — image 1
Bags - Poly

8x13 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB484

8 x 13 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$57.46 / CASE
IN STOCK 8x12" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Bulk Case of 1000
Bags - Poly

8x12 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB470

8 x 12 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$70.67 / CASE
IN STOCK 8x11" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - 1000 Count Case
Bags - Poly

8x11 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB483

8 x 11 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$50.96 / CASE
IN STOCK Durable 2 mil clear polyethylene flat poly bags in 8x10" size protect light to medium-weight products from dirt, dust, and moisture damage. FDA and USDA compliant for food and non-food applications. Sold by the case of 1,000 bags–a cost-effective solution for industrial, retail, and shipping needs.
Bags - Poly

8x10 2 Mil Clear Flat FDA Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB465

8 x 10 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$41.44 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with Packrift's 8x9 clear flat poly bags–the industry standard for light-to-medium weight items. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene with 2 Mil thickness, these FDA and USDA-compliant bags resist dust, moisture, and contamination. Each case contains 1,000 bags, delivering cost-efficient protection for food, retail, and general storage applications.
Bags - Poly

8x9 2 Mil Clear Flat FDA Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB436

8 x 9 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$42.29 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with 8x8" clear flat poly bags–the industry standard for light to medium-weight items. 2 mil virgin polyethylene film, FDA/USDA compliant, sold by the case (1000 bags). Seal with twist ties, tape, or impulse sealers for reliable, cost-effective packaging.
Bags - Poly

8x8 2 Mil Clear Flat FDA Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB460

8 x 8 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$35.10 / CASE
IN STOCK Versatile 7x30" 2 mil clear flat poly bags protect products from dust, moisture, and contamination. FDA and USDA compliant for food and non-food applications. Each case includes 1,000 bags–ideal for high-volume packaging operations requiring durability and cost efficiency.
Bags - Poly

7x30 2 Mil Clear Flat Food Grade Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB467

7 x 30 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$105.26 / CASE
IN STOCK 7x28" 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags - Bulk Case 1000
Bags - Poly

7x28 2 Mil Clear Flat Food Grade Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB466

7 x 28 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$110.59 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your products with durable 2 mil clear flat poly bags designed for general light to medium-weight items. Each case includes 1,000 bags measuring 7" x 24", manufactured from 100% virgin polyethylene and meeting FDA/USDA specifications. Easily sealed with twist ties, bag tape, or impulse sealers for cost-effective, compliant packaging.
Bags - Poly

7x24 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB464

7 x 24 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$82.16 / CASE
IN STOCK Protect your light to medium-weight products with these 7x20" clear flat poly bags–the most popular choice for general packaging. Made from 100% virgin polyethylene with 2 mil thickness to resist tears and moisture. Bulk case of 1,000 bags delivers cost-effective, reliable protection.
Bags - Poly

7x20 2 Mil Clear Flat Poly Bags 1000/Case

PN: PB463

7 x 20 in 2 Mil 1000 PER CASE
$69.54 / CASE

Product Help Request

Send the SKU, quantity, delivery ZIP, and any required specs so we can route the request.

SELECTION EXPERT ADVICE

Match the Mil to the Application
MORE INFO
Compare the stated mil thickness, material and intended use. Confirm fit and closure with the packed item when changing bags; thickness alone does not establish puncture resistance or suitability.
Check the Exact Closure
MORE INFO
Open-top bags need a separate closure method. Press-to-close and slide-seal bags use different closures. Confirm usable opening, seal position and any writing panel before matching one bag to another.
Food Contact Fit
MORE INFO
Food-contact use depends on the exact bag material and supplier documentation. Do not assume a poly bag is suitable for food, pharmaceutical, or direct-product contact unless the SKU states that support clearly.

Buying path

Buy Poly Bags by the specs that change the order

Use filters, product titles, and product pages to compare size, material, pack count, case quantity, and fit before ordering.

Compare

Use filters and product titles to narrow by the specs that affect fit.

Confirm

Open the product page before ordering a case so you can check quantity, unit, and limits.

Reorder

Save the SKU or product link for repeat purchasing and support questions.

Larger orders

For pallet, recurring, or mixed-SKU orders, send your list and ZIP and get a delivered price by email.

What to check first

  • Width and length
  • Mil thickness or gauge
  • Closure, gusset, or seal
  • Case quantity
Common wrong-order risk: Buying by width only. Confirm length, usable opening, closure, and thickness before committing to a case.